Electrophoresis is a method of separating DNA, RNA, and protein molecules depending on their size and electrical charge. The molecules are moved through a gel or other matrix using an electric current. Pores in the gel or matrix act as a sieve, allowing smaller molecules to pass through more quickly than bigger molecules. Standards of known sizes are separated on the same gel and compared to the sample to determine the size of the molecules in the sample.

So, Electrophoresis is actually a technique that uses an electric field to separate macromolecules in a fluid or gel based on their charge, binding affinity, and size.

The Electrophoresis Principle and the Different Types of Electrophoresis:

When charged macromolecules are placed in an electric field, their charge causes them to migrate towards the negative or positive pole. Because nucleic acid has a negative charge, it migrates to the anode.

Types- Slab electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis are the two types of this technology.

Electrophoresis allows you to discriminate between different lengths of DNA fragments. Since DNA is negatively charged, it will migrate to the positively charged electrode when an electric current is supplied to the gel. Because shorter strands of DNA move faster across the gel than longer strands, the fragments are organized in size order. The DNA on the gel can be observed once it has been separated using dyes, fluorescent tags, or radioactive markers. On the gel, they will appear as bands. At the same time as the samples, a DNA marker with known length fragments is routinely passed through the gel. You can estimate the length of the DNA fragments in the samples by comparing the bands of the DNA samples with those of the DNA marker.

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