Nearly all cancers or kanker are caused by abnormalities in the genetic material of the transformed cells. These abnormalities may be due to the effects of carcinogens, such as cigarette smoke, radiation, chemicals, or infectious agents. Other cancer-promoting genetic abnormalities may be randomly acquired through errors in DNA replication, or inherited, and thus present in all cells from birth.

Heritability of cancers are usually affected by complex interactions between carcinogens and the host genome. The new aspect of the pathogenesis of cancer genetics, such as DNA methylation, and microRNAs are increasingly recognized as important.

Genetic abnormalities found in cancer typically affect two general classes of genes. Cancer-promoting oncogenes are typically activated'''' in cancer cells, giving cells new properties, such as hyperactive growth and division, protection against programmed cell death, loss of respect for normal tissue boundaries, and the ability to become established in diverse tissue environments . '' Tumor suppressor'' genes are then inactivated in cancer cells, resulting in loss of normal function in cells, such as accurate DNA replication, control over the orientation of the cell cycle, and adhesion within tissues, and interaction with protective cells of the immune system.

Diagnosis usually requires histological examination of tissue biopsy specimen by a pathologist, although the initial indication of malignancy can be symptoms or radiographic imaging abnormalities. Most cancers can be treated and some cured, depending on the specific type, location, and stage.

Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As the work progressed, the treatment cancer or pengobatan kanker becomes more specific for different varieties of cancer.
The prognosis of cancer patients are most affected by the type of cancer, as well as the stage, or extent of disease. In addition, histological assessment and the presence of specific molecular markers can also be useful in establishing prognosis, as well as in determining individual treatments.

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